The most effective methods to begin a brand new enterprise is by capitalizing on a franchise alternative. Not solely do franchise alternatives include premade advertising and marketing collateral and excessive model consciousness, however you get intensive enterprise help from the franchiser.
Let’s check out the definition of a franchise, the essential standards for evaluating a chance, and the very best franchises to personal this 12 months.
We’ll cowl:
Let’s get began.
What’s a franchise?
A franchise is a enterprise through which unbiased entrepreneurs use the rights to a bigger firm’s enterprise title, brand, and merchandise to function a person location. The franchiser is the proprietor of the bigger firm who sells the rights to license their enterprise, and the franchisee is the third-party proprietor and operator of the enterprise areas.
When was the final time you made a quick meals cease or bought a cup of espresso earlier than work? If the model is recognizable and has a number of areas all through your metropolis or city, like McDonald’s or Dunkin’, it is fairly doable your favourite meals joint is a franchise.
In reality, the US Census studies that 11.4% of all companies within the US are franchises. Whereas eating places make up the majority of franchise alternatives, gasoline and comfort shops, automotive dealerships, health, actual property, and hospitality sectors additionally make up a large chunk.
However which franchises are finest suited to your price range and ability set? Let’s check out how one can consider a franchising alternative.
Methods to Consider a Franchise Alternative
No franchise is one-size-fits-all. Entrepreneurs who need to open a franchise should bear in mind their budgetary constraints and the franchiser’s help system through the analysis part.
Listed below are a number of standards that you need to take into account.
Franchise Charges and Set-Up Prices
Each franchisor requires an upfront charge. This may vary from tons of to tons of of hundreds of {dollars}.
Ideally, the franchise charge could be paid out-of-pocket (although some franchisers provide financing choices). Both manner, we suggest having not less than $10,000 to take a position up-front.
Profitability
Whenever you’re evaluating a enterprise funding, it is vital to know if the chance is definitely worth the cash.
Figuring out the profitability of a franchise is not a precise science, however there are a number of elements to contemplate, together with the unit progress, new franchisee success price, and the franchiser’s monetary statements.
Help Programs for Franchisees
When choosing a franchiser, check out the help techniques they’ve put in place to make sure their new location is a hit.
7Eleven, for instance, flies accepted franchisees to their help middle in Dallas for coaching. In addition they have a useful resource middle with seminars and occasions. Not all franchisers, particularly small ones, can have intensive assets like 7Eleven, however be certain that they provide primary coaching.
Time Dedication
Working a franchise shall be a decades-long dedication, ideally longer — you’ll be able to’t function a retailer and depart after a 12 months. The franchise time period for McDonald’s, for instance, is 20 years.
Make sure that you’re ready to stay round for some time with out pursuing different time-consuming commitments (similar to a further profession). In the event you really feel that you simply’ll need to depart in lower than ten years, remember to select a model whose franchises are simpler to promote.
Obtainable Territories
Most, if not all, franchisers need to develop in a specific geographical space. It wouldn’t be worthwhile, for instance, to open a brand new location simply miles from one other, or in an space the place there’s no demand.
Make sure to verify whether or not your goal franchiser needs to open a location in your space. If not, resolve whether or not you’re keen to relocate.
Model Recognition or Progress
How recognizable is the model that you simply’ll be franchising? If it’s a smaller model, has it seen vital progress prior to now 12 months?
These two traits will decide whether or not will probably be worthwhile to function a franchise for a potential model. Typically, going for an enormous, extremely recognizable model isn’t splendid, as a result of up-front prices are vital.
A smaller franchiser could possibly be a neater entry level — as long as the corporate has been rising in income.
Now that you know the way to judge a chance, let’s check out our checklist of the very best franchise alternatives to pick out from. All through the pandemic, these franchisers have both seen progress or little or no stagnation, making them the very best franchises to personal.
Finest Franchises to Purchase
- McDonald’s
- 7-Eleven
- Dunkin’
- The united statesStore
- Popeyes
- Sonic Drive-In
- Nice Clips
- Taco Bell
- Kumon Math & Studying Facilities
- Sport Clips
- Anytime Health
- Ace {Hardware}
Let’s check out a few of these franchises and see how they stack up. I will evaluation what every franchise requires when it comes to the franchise charge and the preliminary funding you may have to make.
A franchise charge is a price a possible franchisee pays up entrance to function the franchise. And the preliminary funding quantity consists of bills similar to royalty charges, actual property, and stock prices.
Let’s check out a few of these franchises and see how they stack up. I will evaluation what every franchise requires when it comes to the franchise charge and the preliminary funding you may have to make.
Every alternative can have the next info:
- Class: That is the enterprise or {industry} class for the franchise.
- Franchise charge: A franchise charge is a price a possible franchisee pays up-front to function the franchise.
- Preliminary funding: The preliminary funding quantity consists of bills similar to royalty charges, actual property, and stock prices.
- Financing accessible: It will let you know whether or not financing is on the market for preliminary investments.
- Franchise particulars: This can be a hyperlink that may result in the franchising web page for the enterprise.
1. McDonald’s
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise charge: $45,000
Preliminary funding: $1,008,000 to $2,214,080
Liquid money requirement: $500,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 4-5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: McDonald’s
In order for you golden arches of your personal, you may have to put in a hefty preliminary funding. However with that funding, you get model recognition, reputation, and years of expertise within the fast-food {industry}.
2. 7-Eleven
Class: Retail Franchise
Franchise charge: $10,000 to $1,000,000
Preliminary funding: $37,550 to $1,149,900
Liquid money requirement: $50,000 – $150,000
Royalty charge: Varies
Financing accessible: Sure, by 7-Eleven’s inside program
Franchise particulars: 7-Eleven
Because the #1 comfort retailer, 7-Eleven is seeing unprecedented progress. Its shops are turnkey and you may get began inside three to 6 months, together with software, testing, and coaching.
3. Dunkin’
Class: Meals & Drink Franchise
Franchise charge: $40,000 to $90,000
Preliminary funding: $109,700 to $1,637,700
Liquid money requirement: $125,000 to $250,000
Royalty charge: 5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Dunkin’
Dunkin’ dropped the “Donuts” from its title, however this enterprise is as recognizable as ever with areas in 32 international locations. It was rated #1 in buyer loyalty by Model Keys’ Buyer Loyalty Engagement Index. They usually help their franchisees with coaching and help with website choice, building, operations, administration, and advertising and marketing.
4. The united statesStore
Class: Printing and Packing Franchise
Franchise charge: $29,950
Preliminary funding: $138,433 to $460,031
Liquid money requirement: $75,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by Guidant Monetary
Franchise particulars: The united statesStore
The united statesStore is the top-ranked franchise within the enterprise companies {industry}. It boasts monetary stability, model recognition, and devoted coaching and help — and 84% of the U.S. inhabitants lives inside 10 miles of a UPS Retailer.
5. Popeyes
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise charge: $50,000
Preliminary funding: $383,500 and $2,620,800
Liquid money requirement: $500,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 5%
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: Popeyes
Popeyes is persistently one of many prime franchises to personal in Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500 Rankings. It is a well-known fast-food model with a world presence, sturdy promoting methods, and well-developed core philosophies.
6. Sonic Drive-In
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise charge: $45,000
Preliminary funding: $1,240,000 to $3,540,000
Liquid money requirement: $500,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 2.5-5%
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: Sonic Drive-In
This drive-in chain prides itself on its operational excellence and customer support. This model retains rising — its franchise homeowners noticed $1,341,000 in common product sales.
7. Nice Clips
Class: Hair Salon Franchise
Franchise charge: $20,000
Preliminary funding: $136,900 to $259,400
Liquid money requirement: $50,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 6%
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Nice Clips
Nice Clips has been in enterprise for 30 years and offers its franchise homeowners with up-to-date know-how and coaching. It has invested closely in market analysis to offer prospects with the very best service and expertise.
8. Taco Bell
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise charge: $25,000 to $45,000
Preliminary funding: $525,100 to $2,622,400
Liquid money requirement: $750,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 5.5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Taco Bell
This quick-service restaurant model has been round for 50 years and has developed monetary stability and model recognition. It has a confirmed working system and offers you entry to restaurant assets and a neighborhood of greater than 350 franchisees who know the enterprise.
9. Kumon Math & Studying Facilities
Class: Kids’s Schooling Franchise
Franchise charge: $1,000
Preliminary funding: $74,428 – $156,590
Liquid money requirement: $70,000 minimal
Royalty charge: Varies
Financing accessible: No, however Kumon will cowl as much as $36,000 of what you are promoting bills
Franchise particulars: Kumon
Kumon is ranked persistently within the prime 10 of Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500 checklist. This is a perfect franchise to purchase due to its low charge and potential for top profitability in a time of distant studying.
10. Sport Clips
Class: Hair Salon Franchise
Franchise charge: $59,500
Preliminary funding: $224,800 to $373,300
Liquid money requirement: $200,000 minimal
Royalty charge: 6%
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Sport Clips
Sport Clips is rising and displaying its energy and stability — it has a excessive continuity price of 95.4% over the previous 5 years. Because of this out of all of the shops that opened all through the final 5 years, greater than 95.4% of them are open right now. It attributes this stability to comparatively low startup prices, stable help techniques, and continuous monitoring of retailer efficiency.
11. Anytime Health
Class: Health club
Franchise charge: $35,000
Preliminary funding: $105,000 to $720,000
Liquid money requirement: $100,000 minimal
Royalty charge: $549 per thirty days
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Anytime Health
Anytime Health is among the strongest performing health franchises on the market right now. With over 4 million members world extensive, Anytime Health’ model recognition is excessive, however working prices are low.
12. Ace {Hardware}
Class: Dwelling enchancment
Franchise charge: $5,000
Preliminary funding: $280,000 to $2,000,000
Liquid money requirement: $250,000
Financing accessible: Sure
Franchise particulars: My Ace
Ace {Hardware} exudes a neighborhood really feel, which starkly contrasts the big-box house enchancment shops like Dwelling Depot and Lowe’s. This franchise prides itself on stellar customer support and store-brand merchandise.
Low-Price/Low-cost Franchises
The preliminary funding in a franchise may be dear, and vary wherever from a number of thousand {dollars} to over one million. In the event you’re seeking to buy a franchise at a lower cost level, there are alternatives for you in a wide range of industries.
1. Cruise Planners
Class: Journey Franchise
Franchise charge: $6,995
Preliminary funding: $2,095 to $22,867
Liquid money requirement: $11,000
Royalty charge: 1.5-3%
Financing accessible: Sure, by third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Cruise Planners
Cruise Planners is a cruise planning company. It is home-based, so that you need not consider the price of actual property. Prior expertise in journey planning isn’t required, and the corporate affords complete coaching.
2. SuperGlass Windshield Restore
Class: Car Upkeep Franchise
Franchise charge: $9,500 to $28,500
Preliminary funding: $9,910 to $31,000
Liquid money requirement: $15,000
Royalty charge: 4%
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: SuperGlass Windshield Restore
SuperGlass Windshield Restore has been working for 30 years and specializes within the restore of rock broken and cracked windshields. Overhead prices may be stored low because of its cell possibility — a bodily store location isn’t required. It additionally affords classroom and on-the-job coaching,
3. JAN-PRO
Class: Cleansing and Upkeep Franchise
Franchise charge: $2,520 to $44,000
Preliminary funding: $3,985 to $51,605
Liquid money requirement: $150,000
Royalty charge: 10%
Financing accessible: Sure
Franchise particulars: JAN-PRO
JAN-PRO is a business cleansing franchise whose clientele is different companies. They provide three choices for franchising: worldwide grasp franchise, govt enterprise, and home-based alternatives.
4. Jazzercise
Class: Group Health Franchise
Franchise charge: $1,250
Preliminary funding: $2,500 to $38,000
Liquid money requirement: $2,900
Royalty charge: Varies
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: Jazzercise
In the event you’re seeking to begin a low-investment, train enterprise, a Jazzercise franchise could be match for you. It affords numerous value factors to start a franchise and you will discover the one which aligns along with your price range.
5. Dream Holidays
Class: Journey Franchise
Franchise charge: $495 to $9,800
Preliminary funding: $3,245 to $21,850
Liquid money requirement: $9,800
Royalty charge: 1.5-3%
Financing accessible: Sure, by their inside financing system
Franchise particulars: Dream Holidays
Dream Holidays is a home-based journey company franchise with no overhead or stock — this retains the price of preliminary funding low. It is a terrific possibility for army veterans and affords discounted funding costs.
Finest Franchises to Open and Personal
- Freddy’s Frozen Custard and Steakburgers
- Culver’s Butterburgers and Frozen Custard
- Planet Health
- Membership Pilates
- Nothing Bundt Desserts
- Pure Barre
- uBreakiFix
- Soccer Pictures
- Mathnasium
- Kona Ice
Some corporations have seen unprecedented progress or are notably pushed to develop. They’re actively searching for new alternatives as a result of they’re nonetheless within the preliminary levels of increasing their attain.
These are prime alternatives for potential franchisees. You’ll be able to make the most of a rising title within the enterprise whereas being the explanation the title grows and turns into extra authoritative.
Beneath are our prime picks for the best-growing franchises to purchase. On this checklist, we’ll check out the preliminary funding, the franchise’s progress price over the previous three years, and the variety of franchise areas, or franchise items.
1. Freddy’s Frozen Custard and Steakburgers
Preliminary funding: $640,552 – $2,077,046
Three-year progress price: 44.6%
Complete franchise items: 386
This fast-casual restaurant is understood for its burgers and freshly-churned custard. After your preliminary funding, you’ll be able to count on your restaurant to open in eight to 18 months, relying on location and whether or not you are shopping for or leasing property.
2. Culver’s Butterburgers and Frozen Custard
Preliminary funding: $2,349,000 – $5,356,000
Three-year progress price: 21.2%
Complete franchise items: 765
Based in 1984, Culver’s has been a well-recognized title within the burger and custard enterprise. It is a prime franchise and affords a longtime working system with over 35 years of expertise.
3. Planet Health
Preliminary funding: $968,100 – $4,113,000
Three-year progress price: 45.9%
Complete franchise items: 2,059
Planet Health is understood for its Judgment Free Zone® philosophy — making first-time health club customers really feel snug as they start their health journeys. This health club has over 14 million members and franchisees have a median annual working earnings of $567,000.
4. Membership Pilates
Preliminary funding: $178,000 – $365,200
Three-year progress price: 192.6%
Complete franchise items: 597
Membership Pilates is among the prime pilates franchises in america. Based in 2007, this group health franchise carries out as much as 8 million pilates exercises a 12 months.
5. Nothing Bundt Desserts
Preliminary funding: $430,200 – $624,300
Three-year progress price: 60.6%
Complete franchise items: 355
This bakery is exclusive as a result of, regardless of being a franchise, it has a “Mother and Pop store” really feel. There are areas throughout america, and its muffins have been featured in widespread media retailers like Meals and Wine Journal, Meals Community “Unwrapped”, and Franchise Instances.
6. Pure Barre
Preliminary funding: $204,100 – $461,700
Three-year progress price: 20.6%
Complete franchise items: 563
Pure Barre is a well-liked, boutique health model with practically 600,000 shoppers. The enterprise affords a number of income streams: bar courses and activewear. And it offers help and coaching for actual property, operations, consulting, advertising and marketing, and extra.
7. uBreakiFix
Preliminary funding: $98,350 – $303,000
Three-year progress price: 14.8%
Complete franchise items: 585
uBreakiFix makes a speciality of repairs of all sorts of electronics — from computer systems to TVs to gaming consoles. The rise of distant work and in-home leisure makes this a terrific contender for this 12 months.
8. Soccer Pictures
Preliminary funding: $41,034 – $55,100
Three-year progress price: 26.7%
Complete franchise items: 242
Soccer Pictures is a kids’s soccer program with a concentrate on character growth. It has a low overhead price, helps its franchisees, and has well-established relationships with nationwide manufacturers like Adidas and the U.S. Soccer Basis.
9. Mathnasium
Preliminary funding: $112,750 – $149,110
Three-year progress price: 26.1%
Complete franchise items: 1,074
This math studying middle opened in 2002, and its mission is to “assist each little one perceive — and grasp — math.” Mathnasium has earned many accolades, and over the previous 4 years, its average-per-unit product sales grew 10% yearly.
10. Kona Ice
Preliminary funding: $145,600 – $169,200
Three-year progress price: 43.7%
Complete franchise items: 1,305
Kona Ice, a vendor of shaved ice, affords the good thing about having comparatively low preliminary prices whereas nonetheless having stable model recognition. Every franchise is operated out of a truck, that means that you simply received’t spend cash on land or actual property. The very best half? You’ll be able to open a Kona Ice location in lower than two months.
Subsequent, we curate probably the most worthwhile franchises total — taken from each our checklist and lists across the net.
Most Worthwhile Franchises
- Dunkin’
- 7-Eleven
- Planet Health
- JAN-PRO
- Taco Bell
- Orangetheory Health
- Nice Clips
- Mac Instruments
- Cruise Planners
- Jazzercise
- McDonald’s
- Mathnasium
- Jimmy John’s Connoisseur Sandwiches
- Papa John’s
- Anytime Health
The franchises listed above are seeing the biggest progress in franchise areas over the previous 12 months, which is among the key indicators of profitability.
Feeling overwhelmed? Undecided find out how to get began? Learn our information on find out how to develop into an entrepreneur to get the fundamentals down earlier than buying a franchise.
Why personal a franchise?
Proudly owning a franchise has numerous advantages. You’ll be able to revenue from the franchiser’s recognizable model whereas primarily operating your personal operation. Essentially the most worthwhile franchises not often fail, eradicating the dangers sometimes related to opening a brand-new enterprise.
Let’s dive into the advantages you’ll take pleasure in after investing in a franchise alternative.
1. Franchises are already well-known of their market.
One of many largest challenges of launching a startup is creating sufficient model consciousness to draw and convert prospects.
As a result of most franchises have been working for a number of years at minimal, they’ve generated sufficient consciousness to your first buyer to stroll in inside days of opening your doorways. The model may be acknowledged instantly.
If it’s not, then potential prospects want solely search for the title of what you are promoting, and all of the areas will present up. This demonstrates to potential patrons that the model is confirmed and respected. Give it some thought: Would you go to an unknown store or a store that has a number of areas? Doubtless the latter.
2. You see better income as a franchise proprietor.
As a result of franchisers have already established a number of companies and have generated model consciousness, you should have a better potential for income than should you had been to function an unbiased enterprise.
That does come at a premium price, similar to franchise charges and ongoing royalties paid out to the franchisers. Nonetheless, you will note a excessive return-on-investment as soon as new prospects start strolling in virtually instantly after opening the situation.
3. You get the coaching it’s essential function the franchise.
Don’t have industry-specific expertise? Excellent news: You don’t want any. You merely must be accessible for the corporate’s coaching schedule to discover ways to function your brand-new franchise location.
Franchisers don’t count on you to have particular expertise within the subject. For example, should you’re contemplating opening a Kumon location, Kumon received’t require you to have a Grasp of Arts in instructing. All you want is to be proficient in math and studying and be keen to work with kids.
4. You’ll obtain in-person help and help.
Most franchisers have subject representatives that go to independently-owned areas to make sure operations are progressing easily. Even when the franchiser doesn’t provide an in-person go to, you should have a robust help group out of your fellow franchisees. You’ll be able to go to networking occasions (or create your personal) to seek out new methods to market your location, rent extra assist, and entice extra prospects.
5. Franchises provide decrease dangers.
All of those advantages conspire to make franchises lower-risk enterprise ventures. Certain, there’s at all times a possible to your franchise location to fail, however this danger is way, a lot smaller in comparison with the danger you face when opening your personal enterprise.
If issues go awry, you’ll be able to promote the franchise location to a different particular person. In spite of everything, the model title remains to be priceless. Simply because you’ll be able to’t afford to function that location doesn’t imply one other particular person can’t.
Franchise Drawbacks
1. Franchises can have excessive upfront prices.
Preliminary funding prices in a franchise may be dear, particularly if you’re shopping for a widely known worthwhile enterprise like Dunkin’ or McDonalds. For smaller franchises, you’ll nonetheless must shell out hundreds up entrance.
Whereas shopping for right into a profitable franchise comes with many advantages — together with a built-in buyer base, the preliminary lump sum wanted to get began may be prohibitive for some.
2. Franchises might have extra restrictive rules or pointers.
In contrast to beginning your personal enterprise from scratch, franchises include a listing of pointers franchisees should comply with. These phrases and pointers may be present in your franchise settlement.
The franchisor might dictate:
- Pricing
- Merchandise
- Tools
- Enterprise hours
- Decor and signage
- Advertising
- Location
These pointers are supposed to create uniformity so that every franchise is identical at each location.
3. The franchisor might oversee what you are promoting’ funds.
Along with dictating how what you are promoting runs, franchises additionally lack autonomy on the subject of funds. Your franchisor will most definitely management all facets of the franchise’s monetary dealings. Be ready to routinely submit monetary statements similar to your steadiness sheet and earnings statements.
4. Franchises usually require extra ongoing charges and bills.
Along with startup prices, franchise homeowners ought to price range funds for reinvestment within the enterprise and different charges stipulated by the franchisor. These extra prices can come within the type of coaching charges, royalty charges or different companies like promoting.
Whereas proudly owning a franchise affords vital advantages, it does come at a excessive price. Learn on to study how one can afford a franchise.
Methods to Afford Your Franchise
Opening up a brand new location of a franchise is expensive. You’ll have to not solely cowl the franchise charge, however have hundreds of {dollars} in liquid property.
First up, just remember to have a adequate credit score rating to qualify for loans. Having a financial savings account can be important. Remember the fact that some franchisers may require you to pay for the up-front charge and not using a mortgage. For that purpose, you need to take into account franchises that accommodate your distinctive monetary scenario.
Listed below are a number of of your funding choices:
1. Small Enterprise Loans
Small enterprise loans are a wonderful possibility for masking your franchise charge and up-front investments. Relying in your financials and your lender, you’ll be able to qualify for tons of of hundreds of {dollars}, which is able to greater than cowl you through the setup part.
2. Small Enterprise Grants
Small enterprise grants are one other avenue to contemplate, with a minor caveat: Most grant issuing authorities search for unbiased startup homeowners, not for franchise homeowners. For that purpose, you’ll need to parse rigorously by the choices.
In the event you determine as BIPOC, you too can take into account small enterprise grants particularly for minorities.
3. Microlending
Microlending is one other nice franchise funding possibility. In the event you don’t have sufficient capital to qualify for greater loans, you should utilize a micro-loan. These loans sometimes quantity to lower than $50,000 and are finest for you should you’re planning to open up a location for a low-cost franchise. Ideally, you’d additionally produce other sources of funding, similar to traders and family and friends, to cowl the up-front franchise prices.
4. Traders
Simply as should you had been launching your personal startup, you’ll be able to and will search for traders to your new franchise location. You also needs to distribute fairness in accordance with your traders’ preliminary funding.
Earlier than searching for traders, evaluation the franchise settlement to make sure you’re not violating the phrases of your franchisor-franchisee partnership. Some franchisers might not help you search particular person traders due to the phrases. It additionally could also be overly difficult to account for franchise royalties, investor fairness, worker payouts, advertising and marketing charges, and operational prices when calculating your web income.
5. Associates and Household
One among your finest choices for funding? Your very personal family and friends. As talked about, opening a franchise location requires a hefty funding. Even when your family and friends chip in at $100 a bit, you’ll be a lot nearer to affording your franchise than you had been yesterday. As well as, your family and friends may be a wonderful supply of latest enterprise when you open your doorways.
Turn out to be an Entrepreneur by Shopping for a Franchise
You’ll be able to develop into an entrepreneur by beginning your personal enterprise — or by shopping for a franchise from a significant model. Benefit from a longtime model title whereas having fun with the perks of operating your personal operation. Franchises may be extremely worthwhile to personal, particularly once you create a robust marketing strategy that helps your income develop.
Editor’s observe: This publish was initially revealed in October 2020 and has been up to date for comprehensiveness.